Nitrogen Dificiency

Growth small; foliage pale green, older leaves yellow and die early.

Phosphorus deficiency

Leaves dull, lustreless green, with occasional slight bronzing and purple spotting near margins (cf. Plate No. 132, aluminium toxicity)

Calcium deficiency

Hooking of young leaves, followed by death of growing point.

Calcium deficiency

Advanced stage of acute deficiency. Young leaves fail to expand and die off; older leaves marginal scorch.

Calcium deficiency

Hooking of young leaves; death of growing point and failure to blossom.

Calcium deficiency (soil acidity complex)

Forking and turning of roots in acid subsoil layer.

Calcium deficiency (soil acidity complex)

Leaf margins slightly pale, curled forward and scorched.

Magnesium deficiency

Older leaves severe intervenal chlorosis and necrosis.

Magnesium deficiency

Intervenal chlorosis, beginning at tips and margins and progressing towards midrib; chlorosis followed by marginal and intervenal necrosis.

"Virus Yellows"

Leaves intervenal "yellowing" in asymmetrical patches; yellow patches brittle and crackle when squeezed in hand. Yellowing followed by marginal and intervenal necrosis. May be confused with magnesium deficiency symptoms. (cf. Plate No. 121)

Potassium deficiency

Leaves narrow; older leaves marginal and intervenal scorch; they wither and collapse around plant.

Potassium deficiency

Showing longitudinal lesions of petioles and midribs.

Combined potassium and sodium deficiencies

Growth dwarfed; leaves dull green and older leaves severe marginal and intervenal brown scorch; older leaves wither and hang down. Scorching generally similar to potassium defecience alone, but develops earlier and the effects are more severe.

Iron deficiency

Younger leaves chlorotic mottling.

Iron deficiency

Young leaves fine chlorotic mottling, later general chlorosis.

Manganese deficiency

Leaves severe "Speckled Yellows" and leaf margins curled forward.

Manganese deficiency

Severe intervenal chlorosis, "Speckled Yellows".

Manganese and boron deficiency

Manganese deficiency shown by speckled condition of leaves ("Speckled Yellows") and boron deficiency by "Crown Tot".

Manganese toxcity (Soil acidity complex)

Leaves strong chlorotic mottling. Effects differ from manganese deficiency in growth habit of leaves. (cf. Plate No. 128)

Aluminium toxicity (Soil acidity complex)

Growth stunted; leaves dull green, often with small necrotic areas near tips and margins. Similar to phrosphorus deficiency. (cf. Plate No. a14)

Aluminium stops cell division during the "S Stage". — Tommy C. —

Boron deficiency

Early stage of boron deficiency. Young leaves distorted and fail to expand.

Boron deficiency

"Crown Rot" and death and distortion of young leaves; older leaves cracking and distortion of laminae, yellow pigment formation and severe marginal scorch.

Chromium (as chromate) toxixity

Growth stunted; younger leaves show chlorotic iron deficiency symptoms followed by severe intervenal necrosis.

Cobalt toxicity

Growth severely stunted; young leaves at early stage show chlorotic iron deficiency symptoms quickly followed by severe intervenal necrosis and death.

Copper toxicity

Growth severely stunted; young leaves show chlorotic iron deficiency symptoms followed by severe intervenal necrosis.

Nickel toxicity

Growth severely stunted; young leaves at early stage show chlorotic iron deficiency symptoms quickly followed by severe necrosis, collapse and death; older leaves develop orange pigment.

Zinc toxicity

Growth severely stunted; young leaves show chlorotic iron deficiency symptoms followed by severe intervenal necrosis.