Nitrogen deficiency

Lack of tillering; stems thin, basal portions red; leaves pale green and older leaves yellow and die off early.

Phosphorus deficiency

Lack of tillering and stems thin; stems and leaves bluish green at first, develop purple tints; older leaves wither and die off early.

Phosphorus deficiency

Stems bluish green and leaf sheaths strong purple tints.

Calcium deficiency

Death of growing points and failure of young leaves to expand. (cf. Plate No. 018 and Plate No. 036, boron deficiency)

Magnesium deficiency

Older leaves pale green, marginal yellowing and necrosis.

Magnesium deficiency

Marginal yellowing and necrosis.

Potassium deficiency

Growth short and uneven and few heads form; leaves bluish green and much dying off of older leaves beginning near tips and margins; severe leaf stripe (Helminthosporium gramineum) also present.

Potassium deficiency

Showing white blotchy lesions which develop when deficiency is very acute.

Manganese deficiency

Leaves slightly chlorotic especially near tips, and show intervenal brown spots. (cf. Plate No. 016)

Manganese toxicity (soil acidity complex)

Leaves, dead tips; intervenal brown spots (may be confused with manganese deficiency) (cf. Plate No. 015)

Aluminium toxicity (soil acidity complex)

Left, aluminium toxicity; right, toxicity decreased by calcium carbonate. Shoot growth stunted; leaves stubby and die back at tips; Leaf color dull green; leaves and stems develop purple tints similar to phosphorus deficiency; roots short and stubby and lack fiber. (cf. Plate No. 09)

Boron deficiency

Stems appear swollen, leaves develop necrotic margins and break; growing points die and young growths fail to expand. (cf. Plate No. 010)

Boron deficiency

Left, heads distorted and dwarfed; Right, normal heads.