" Control of Colloid Stability Through Zeta Potential "
Aluminum: Connection to Intravascular Coagulation
With a closing chapter on its relationship to cardiovascular disease
. . . Trace 11 shows how malfunctions can be "sandwiched" between effective beats.
Trace 12 shows three effective beats. Note the spread of the QRS complex. We believe that this indicates a greatly diminished rate of contraction of the myocardium. The rate of heartbeat is in the range of 78 to 82/min. During the past eighteen months, K. C. has had two episodes during which malfunctional beats rose to the initial 50% level. One of these was judged to be the result of ingesting a stew slow–cooked for twelve hours in an aluminum "well" ( in a gas range ). The other was the virus infection mentioned before. His malfunctional beats now generally range from about 1 to 10%. Occasionally, for a period of a few weeks, MFB's will be as low as 1 to 5%. He has an ECG once or twice a week, and his Regimen is adjusted as indicated.
Eighteen months ago, K. C.'s degree of intravascular coagulation was "heavy" to "very heavy" — corresponding to Grade 4 to 5. It is always found that his Grade varies directly with his percent malfunctional beats. That is to say, if his grade is low ( say 2 to 3 ), his percent malfunctional beats will be low — in the 1 to 5% range. If his grade is high (say, 4 to 5), then his malfunctional beats are in the high range of say 10 to 25% or more. This pattern obtains not only for K. C. but for every individual in our group. So constant is this relationship that one can predict with reasonable accuracy the percent malfunctions, based on the Sclerascope examination — and vice versa.
Traces 10, 11 and 12 ( made several months later ) show no arrhythmia, atypical, or malfunctional beats. Her heartbeat now approximates 72/min. This is a particularly interesting example, since this individual has had no recurrence of PVC's since she discontinued the regimen. The only known change in her routine after her initial ECG is that she has discontinued using aluminum cookware, and avoids all foods that come in contact with aluminum. Her initial grade IVC was 4; and final is 1 to 2.
About six months ago, S. C. volunteered to resume use of aluminum cookware ( under appropriate circumstances and medical supervision ) to determine whether her former PVC's would return. The writer submitted her proposal to appropriate parties in the aluminum industry, but to date has received no response.
We believe that her PVC might be reinduced by ingestion of an aluminum hydroxide antacid, and that the concept of Selye ( and others ) of "sensitization" is relevant to this picture.
Smokes and drinks moderately. Has had one "major" and two "minor" heart attacks within the past three years. It is of interest that this person has been aware ( since the age of about 21 ) of some degree of "missing heartbeat." Periodic ECG's were made by the writer in cooperation with J. R.'s physician. His first ECG ( made three months ago ) showed 25–30% malfunctions beats, with severe arrhythmia. At that time, he was on coumadin and quinidine.
After a few weeks of our Regimen, his physician discontinued the quinidine but retained the coumadin. The arrhythmic condition soon improved. During the past three weeks, the percent malfunctional beats have progressively decreased, and are now in the 2–4% range.
Stopped smoking ten years ago. Drinks moderately, and is reasonably athletic. This person had typhoid at the age of 22, and was near death with extremely high fever for more than a week. About two years ago, our first ECG showed one malfunctional PVC every six to eight beats ( 14% MFB ) as shown by Trace 1. This condition was quite uniform and the same pattern was found for several one–hour recordings over a period of three weeks. However, there were no dual or multiple malfunctions.
Two weeks after being placed on our Regimen, this ratio dropped to about 1 in 12, as shown on Trace 3. In two months, it further lowered to 1 in 50, as shown on Traces 9, 11 and 12. For the past six months, our occasional ECG's show about one or two malfunctions per 1,000 beats. Note that the pulse rate is in the range of only 60/minute, characteristic of many athletes — particularly distance runners whose lungs are well developed.
This man leads a very energetic life, and works ten to twelve hours a day. In June 1967, he drank three 16–oz. bottles of a popular brand of mineral water daily, instead of our Regimen water. Within a few weeks, his malfunctional heartbeats increased from about 0.5%, to 6%. When Minusil was suspended in this mineral water, it was found to have a ZP of –10 mv, and the SC was 6,600 micromhos. Upon discontinuance of the mineral water and resumption of our Regimen water, his malfunctional heartbeats again lowered to O..5% or less. Our Regimen water at that time had a SC of 1,100 micromhos, and Minusil suspended in it had a ZP of –42 mv.
Examples in which malfunctional heartbeats of long standing are relieved by the Regimen,
are naturally dramatic. And one can appraise such improvement on a purely mathematical basis. A decrease from 200 malfunctions per 1000 beats to 2 or 3 is highly significant. Much more difficult to appraise are the instances where there is moderately heavy, to heavy IVC ( say a grade of 3 or 3+ ) — but no malfunctional or even atypical heartbeats. These instances respond to the Regimen with a reduction in IVC to grade 2 ( occasionally 1 ). But even here we sometimes have strong indications that a definite change was effected, as shown below:
This individual has undergone asthmatic attacks for twelve years. Her admissions to the hospital had increased from an initial one or two per year to five or six, and several times she was on the "critical" list. Her initial IVC was grade 3+ to 4 — with no arrhythmia or atypical beats. She has now been on the Regimen for a year and a half, with only one admission to the hospital. Her physician always considered her asthma to be associated with microbial infection. It can be that a more fluid ( less agglomerated ) blood, does not permit microorganisms to gain a foothold in her vascular system. Knisely has called attention to the inability of antibiotics to properly reach microorganisms, which were buried in masses of agglomerated cells.
Two years ago his extremities gradually became numb. This was followed by a "mild" heart attack ( a slight stroke ) which, for a while, affected his speech and facial appearance. He finally recovered.
Eight months ago the feeling of numbness of the extremities reappeared. It was promptly relieved by the Regimen, and has not since been encountered.
Initially, my two secretaries ( female — age 45 and 6.5 respectively ) had Grade 3 to 4 IVC, but no arrhythmic or atypical heartbeats. They have now been on the Regimen for about two years and maintain IVC grades of 2 or 1. If either goes off the Regimen for even a few days, the Grade again rises to 3 to 4. Upon resumption of the Regimen, the IVC again lowers in a few days to Grade 1 or 2.
It is of interest that the degree of IVC is much more readily controlled for the older of the two. This may be related to the condition that she does not smoke, or drink spirituous liquors.
This example is presented because it is the antithesis of the preceding ones.
This woman was athletic in high school and college, and to this day has maintained a Regimen of moderate exercise. From age 22 to 52, she smoked five to ten cigarettes daily; then stopped smoking. During this same period, she consumed substantially no alcohol. From age 52 to date, she has one or two brandies daily. Eighteen years ago, she became interested in foodstuffs, and since then has eaten few processed foods. Her own "organic" garden provides her with her major produce.
As long as she can remember, she has consumed about a quart and one–half of water daily, between meals, in addition to normal beverages.
She differs from the average person, in that:
b.) Her degree of intravascular coagulation is Grade 1 to 2, which is unusually low for a person her age.
c.) Based on physical chemistry and hydraulics, one must conclude that she has an unusually steady and rhythmic heart. Her QRS complex, T and P waves are extremely smooth in all leads. The time cycle for dual leads connected as on Fig. 197 (p. 299) shows that the principal blood movement in the left ventricle takes place in 45–50 milliseconds, and in the right ventricle 85–90 milliseconds, which is comparable to a person in excellent health between the ages of 20 and 35.
The writer recently came across the following, which seems an appropriate conclusion for this chapter:
"One must constantly guard against the penchant which seems to exist in all branches of science for finding real significance in conditions, that, in reality, can be ascribed to "accidental occurrences."
There is no possibility that these examples can be "accidental," and we have had no failures.
6 — We close this brief comment with the simple statement that Zeta Potential, electroendosmosis, hydraulics, and the information obtained from a sensitive oscilloscope fitted with a contact microphone and dual amplifier, indicate that:
b.) This "salting out" resulted in a high degree of intravascular coagulation, with its accompanying ischemia, infarction, and fiberizing action on the heart valves.
c.) The fibrous state of the valves, resulting in their inability to fully close, was reflected in diminished circulation and a dual pulse.
d.) The increase in time of "electrical activity" of the left ventricle — from 45–50 to 70 milli–seconds, indicated slow or incomplete closure of the aortic valve.
e.) This sequence and these basic causes, resulted in death. These of course are speculative physicochemical hypotheses — and medical points of view could be quite different. No one can tell how long this episode was in the making, or when the "point of no return" was reached.
From the standpoint of our research, this premature death would seem to stress three grave points:
1 — A truly serious and objective appraisal should immediately be made of the validity and rationale of the present ECG.
2 — It appears that in the diagnosis of heart disease, the ECG in its present usage is definitely inadequate.*
[ * This opinion has been expressed by numerous physicians. ]
It just does not give enough information. It should be supplemented with:
b.) An examination of the sclera to establish the degree of intravascular coagulation.**
[ ** Knisely has stressed the importance of intravascular coagulation for more than 20 years. ]
c.) An examination of the urine over a 24–hour period to determine the maximum instantaneous SC, and also the total daily input of 11 mineral salts."
. . . Additionally his urine had a SC of 48,000 micromhos, for comparison, it is well established that death results from the ingestion of sea–water ( 60,000 micromhos ) . . .
The galley proof of the first fourteen chapters of this manuscript was submitted for review to a number of physical chemists, and they were advised that it represented about one–third of the eventual coverage and copy. Almost without exception they urged the writer to publish it immediately as Volume I so that these techniques and new approaches would become available to workers without delay.
The writer was hesitant to publish this abbreviated portion because it dealt almost entirely with dispersion; and not enough with coagulation — where Zeta Potential also plays a major role. Therefore, to round out the subject, eight major chapters were moved forward for inclusion in Volume I.*
Dispersion curves — dilute systems
[ * In Volume II, which we hope to complete in two to three years, we will deal mainly with the Physical Chemistry of industrial systems, and with water and waste treatment. Subjects to be covered include:
Anionic dispersion by fatty acid soaps
Curves of alternating coagulation and dispersion
The water–soluble gums
An example of "salting out" the human blood system
The shelf-life of pharmaceutical suspensions
The coefficient of adsorption
Non–ionic systems and forced adsorption
Gelation
Emulsions
Discussion of the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation
Comment on the water supply at Roseto, Penna.
The employment of Zeta Potential for organic–liquid systems
Further comments on intravascular coagulation and its
relationship to cardiovascular disease ]
While this had the effect of departing somewhat from the established format of gradual development of the subject, it was deemed necessary.
There has been no intent here to draw hard and fast conclusions — nor to impose the writer's views upon the reader. One can only present the evidence — leaving the reader to appraise it in the light of his own knowledge and experience. James B. Conant, in his Science and Common Sense,**
[ ** Yale University Press — 1951. ]
nicely outlines the process of scientific advancement as: First a conceptual scheme, then a speculative hypothesis, and finally a working hypothesis. He stresses that we are not entitled to employ the term "fact" until after the most arduous exploration and continued proof. There are few "facts" in existence.
But if a speculative hypothesis can lead to a working hypothesis, and in so doing, provide a logical answer to previous phenomena, it may then be regarded as "reasonable fact" until it is superseded by a more Workable hypothesis, which turns out to be closer to fact.
In the light of these considerations, and because we have found most workers in Science to be responsible and open–minded, I have no hesitancy in delineating my findings to date — or reiterating that, in my opinion, Helmholtz laid the mathematical and conceptual foundation of a natural law.
In concluding Volume I the writer felt that additional emphasis should be placed on the relevancy of Zeta Potential to the cause, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease; and to the subject of whole blood for transfusion; and that attention should again be called to the alarming apathy toward this situation on the part of governing authorities. More than a year of contact with the HEW; NIH; PHS; NHI; FDA and NRC*
[ * These abbreviations denote: Health, Education & Welfare; National Institutes of Health; Public Health Service; National Heart Institute; Food & Drug Administration; an National Research Council. ]
revealed that the attitude of these Government Agencies was such that they had no interest in even examining our evidence. And in one instance we presented evidence of the elimination of pre–ventricular contractions from a person with a medical history of one malfunction every three heartbeats!!!*
[ * These atypical heartbeats threw no blood. ]
With 2,700 deaths occurring daily from cardiovascular disease in the United States ( 975,000 yearly ), it is fantastic and unconscionable that National agencies supposedly established to promote health would disregard the pertinence of such findings. Not only do they disregard their pertinence, they lack sufficient interest even to examine their validity.
Looking back over our numerous contacts with Government Agencies, one recalls the frustration their negative tactics engender and one finds oneself in complete agreement with the eminent cartoonist Osborn, who dubbed the Establishment on the Potomac: Sleepwalkers of the Great Society. And of the military, Admiral Rickover recently remarked that they "live in a world of immutable abstractions, where they recognize only that which suits them."
Unfortunately, it would appear that the NIH is concerned principally with the annual expenditure of several hundred million dollars for the continuation of a search for the cause, prevention and relief of cardiovascular disease. Apparently they have no agenda for the evaluation — or even the consideration of significant existing answers. In the light of this, it would seem high time to call in dedicated men who would rather hasten the control of cardiovascular disease than perpetuate themselves in office.
I am not impressed by the opinions of those who seek to minimize the dangers of the present agglomerates in whole blood for transfusion. But I am alarmed by the evidence on this subject presented by Col. Hardaway. I am impressed by Johnson and Greenwalt*
[ * Coagulation and Transfusion in Clinical Medicine, Ref. 11–19, p. 48. ]
who state: ". . . the safest transfusion is the unnecessary one which is not given . . . the multiple hazards lurking in each container of blood must be weighed against the expected benefits, in every instance."
In Volume 1, we have attempted to show that, intravascular coagulation and many cardiovascular disorders may be linked to the lack of appropriate laws covering food and beverage handling and processing. Our research points to causative areas in which there are no existing laws — nor even knowledge that danger exists in present practices. We believe the basic causes of intravascular coagulation and the many forms of heart disease can be eliminated only when appropriate action is taken by the Food and Drug Administration. While we have much incontrovertible proof on this subject, we are again confronted by the apathy of the FDA.
We have attempted also to show that the application of appropriate electrolytes to drinking water and the increased intake of water, favorably affect the stability of albumin, or albumin — like proteins — which control the stability of blood systems. We believe these findings are in complete harmony with the work of Selye and Bajusz.
Intravascular coagulation is both explainable and preventable — but only in terms of Physical Chemistry and basic concepts of Zeta Potential. It is not explainable in terms of presently developed physiology or medical biochemistry.
In this book I have reported in some detail my highly frustrating encounters with Federal and other agencies. But no one sufficiently informed on matters of this kind could consider this as "carping." I bear no ill will toward any individual or organization, and personalities do not enter the picture. The extreme importance of these matters moves me to speak with complete frankness — mincing no words. Scientific truth dealing with the vital subject of cause, prevention and relief of cardiovascular disease cannot be permanently ignored. And the writer is convinced that this present apathy cannot continue for long. In these enlightened times one must hopefully assume that Max Planck was referring to a bygone age when he wrote:**
[ ** Scientific Autobiography, pp. 33–34 — Max Planck Philosophical Library, 15 East 40th Street, New York, N. Y. 10016. ]
"A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it."
As we bring Volume I to a close, so do we end our research on blood stability. It should be stated that for ten years we have, as a private firm of Engineers and Chemists, conducted this extensive ( and expensive ) research with no subsidy. We fully realize that much remains to be done.
My personal feelings are best expressed by William Beaumont's*
[ * Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion — William Beaumont, M.D. ( 1833 ) ( see our page 252 ). ]
statement in his Preface (p. 6):
I submit a body of facts which cannot be invalidated. My opinions may be doubted, denied, or approved, according as they conflict or agree with the opinions of each individual who may read them; but their worth will be best determined by the foundation on which they rest — the incontrovertible facts.And from page 32:
. . . if I have been led to conclusions opposite to the opinions of many who have been considered the great luminaries of physiology, and, in some instances, from all the professors of this science, I hope the claim of sincerity will be conceded to me, when I say that such difference of opinion has been forced upon me by the convictions of experiment, and the fair deductions of reasoning.
The medical profession recognizes a number of distinct types of cardiovascular disease. We summarize some of these in the general order followed by Friedberg, in his Diseases of the Heart.*
[ * Ref. 11–24. ]
This generalized and non–technical summary was prepared for us by a physician, and we hope it will enable the physical chemist to better comprehend the general nature and various manifestations of cardiological problems, with particular emphasis upon coagulation and basic stability of the blood system.
b.) Failure of the right ventricle, producing excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue spaces ( edema ), and/or the abdominal cavity ( ascites ) c.) Forward failure ( inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the arteries )
d.) Backward ( congestive ) failure ( inability of the heart to pump out the blood returning from the venous system )
Heart failure is termed acute when it is accompanied by shock, fainting ( syncope ) and/or sudden death.
2.) The Arrhythmias ( abnormal rhythm or lack of rhythm of the heart ) are generally thought to result from:
b.) A disturbance in impulse conduction in the heart
Cardiac Rhythm can be regular or irregular. The rate of cardiac contraction can be:
b.) Tachycardia ( 100–200 beats/min. )
c.) Bradycardia ( less than 60 beats/min. )
Tachycardias with regular rhythm include:
b.) Paroxysmal ( often 140–200 beats/min. )
c.) Ventricular
d.) Atrial Flutter
Tachycardias with irregular rhythm include:
b.) Atrial Flutter
c.) Sinus — with numerous premature beats
Normal heart rate, characterized by irregular rhythms include:
b.) Atrial Fibrillation
3.) Coronary Heart Disease denotes degenerative changes in the vascular system of the heart, particularly the coronary or larger arteries. These changes may be manifest through "hardening"; lipoid ( fatty ) deposits; thickening of the inner wall ( intima ); structural or functional alteration ( lesions ); fibrosis; calcification; and death of groups of cells associated with living tissue (necrosis).
4.) Angina Pectoris results in severe to excruciating pain of characteristic quality–manifested as a sensation of extreme constriction ( intense external pressure ) about the chest, shoulders, or arms to the elbow. This is often accompanied by an oppressive fear of imminent death. Thus, by definition, Angina Pectoris refers to a symptom rather than a disease. The syndrome is thought to be associated with myocardial anoxia ( lack of oxygen ) due to local diminution of blood supply, occasioned by reduced inflow of arterial blood ( ischemia ).
5.) Coronary Thrombosis or Coronary Occlusion denotes the formation of a thrombus or clot in the coronary ( or other large ) artery of the heart, which blocks blood flow. This occurrence is generally associated with atherosclerosis, a degenerative change in arteries characterized by a thickening and hardening of the interior and exterior walls; loss of elasticity; and the presence of calcium ( or other organo–mineral ) deposits in the media.
6.) Myocardial Infarction is the formation in the myocardium ( usually in an area 1 or 2 cm diameter ) of necrotic or dying tissue due to complete interference of blood flow. Infarction generally occurs in the wall of the left ventricle. Myocardial infarction usually follows two recent occlusions of major coronary arteries; or one recent, plus one old occlusion; or extreme narrowing of vessels.
7.) Structural abnormalities include:
b.) Aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valve disease and insufficiency characterized by incomplete closure of the valve cusps, or narrowing of the ports ( stenosis ). These conditions are often associated with rheumatic ( or other ) fevers in childhood, resulting in fibrous rigidity, calcification and/or retraction.
8.) Hypertension is a state which is characterized by high arterial blood pressure, increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, and a general constriction of the normal diameter of the blood vessels.
9.) Stroke is brought about by a blood clot or coagulum reaching and blocking arteries, arterioles or capillaries of the brain. Degeneration is thereafter very rapid because the brain cannot function more than a few minutes without oxygen.
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE — U.S.A. — 1962 | ||
|---|---|---|
| ( From AHA Facts and Figures ) | ||
|
| Deaths per year | Percent |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 957,000* | 55 |
| All other causes of death | 800,000 | 45 |
| Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1,757,000 | 100 |
| Breakdown of CV Disease: |
|
|
| Coronary Heart Disease | 528,000 | 55 |
| Stroke | 197,000 | 21 |
| Hypertension | 75,000 | 8 |
| Myocardial Degeneration | 50,000 | 5 |
| General Arteriosclerosis | 37,000 | 4 |
| Rheumatic Fever | 18,000 | 2 |
| All other CV Disease | 52,000 | 5 |
| Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 957,000 | 100 |
1. At the present time we are evaluating a "balanced" formula for our Regimen water that seems promising. It embodies 1:3; 2:2 and 1:1 electrolytes, and contains both magnesium and potassium. Selye and Bajusz ( Refs. 11–13, 11–14, 11–39, 11–40, 11–41 ) have shown that potassium and magnesium in the diet can, under certain circumstances, produce highly desirable effects. Jerry K. Aikawa, M.D. ( of the University of Colorado ) surveyed existing literature on magnesium in 1963 in his book The Role of Magnesium in Biologic Processes ( Ref. 12–39 ), and we understand he is continuing his research on this interesting element.
The real modus operandi of magnesium and potassium ( as contrasted with calcium and sodium ) have not been clearly established. The writer believes that basically, their unusual properties are associated with the conditions:
b.) That potassium and magnesium are generally more soluble than sodium and calcium respectively; and,
c.) The ZP–albumin–electrolyte stability relationships. Table No. 34 shows the average electrolyte concentrations in plasma vs. RBC in terms of mg/l ( Ref. 11–50 ).
It is of interest that the Biological Handbook "Blood and Other Body Fluids" ( Ref. 11–50, p. 24 ) lists the potassium concentration of the blood of Ayshire cattle as 480 mg/l, whereas for Jersey cattle it is listed as 920 mg/l. The writer suspects that the breed of cattle has little to do with this wide variation in potassium, but instead, the type of food intake and pastureland may well be the dominating factor.
Might not an interesting parallel be found in human beings with intakes of widely differing mineral salts? Most importantly, what are the optimum types of food and water electrolytes, and what amounts of them will result in optimum concentrations of the blood electrolytes?
2. When the writer first developed his concept of control of intravascular coagulation by use of a drinking water prepared with appropriate dispersing electrolytes, the highly germane but unresolved question was: After absorptive transfer of a 1:2, or 1:3 electrolyte from the gut to the bloodstream, will the endocrine glands and kidneys "recognize" as desirable the dispersing action of these electrolytes? Will they selectively retain them in the blood system and eject as "urine" an equivalent amount of a "non–dispersing" ( 1:1 ) electrolyte such as sodium chloride?
The spectrographic analysis of Table No. 32 ( p. 293 ) indicates that this does occur. This basic principle of retention of the needed, and rejection of the undesirable ions, is undoubtedly a major reason why the writer's Regimen is effective. But it is obvious that the kidneys cannot function in this manner unless they are supplied appropriate electrolytes.
Table No. 35 shows the solubilities of pertinent sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium compounds, in terms of mg added to 1000 ml of water.
** Orthophosphate Na3PO4 • 1OH2O; K3PO4; Ca3(PO4)2;
Mg3(PO4)2 • 4H2O.
The temperature at which solubility was determined is denoted by the "superscript".
* Inorganic phosphates.
| TABLE No. 34 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constituent | K | Na | Ca | Mg | P | Cl | HCO3 |
| Plasma | 160 | 3250 | 98 | 21 | 35* | 3690 | 1680 |
| RBC | 4370 | 140 | 20 | 45 | 24* | 2780 | 920 |
| TABLE No. 35 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constituent | Sodium | Potassium | Calcium | Magnesium |
| Oleate | 100,00012 | 250,000 | 40025 | 24025 |
| Citrate | 720,00025 | 1,670,00015 | 8,50018 | — |
| Sulphate | 46,0000 | 68,5000 | 2,09030 | 260,0000 |
| Phosphate** | 88,000 | 900,00020 | 25 | 205 |
| Carbonate | 71,0000 | 1,120,00020 | 1525 | 106 |
Another reason the Regimen is effective is because 6 glasses of water drunk over a period of about 15 hours, supply a continuous and controlled amount of the proper electrolytes. By comparison, food electrolytes are introduced about 3 times a day, and they may be far from optimum in both composition and concentration.
As previously noted, another important reason for the Regimen's effectiveness is that the water intake lowers the percentage urine concentration from 150–200 to about 25 ( see Table No. 26 p. 257 ). This, in turn, would appear to enable the glandular system and kidneys to maintain both the concentration and composition of blood electrolytes much closer to their optimum than would otherwise be possible with the present kidney overload.
3. Any concept that the FDA is likely to soon change its policies, can derive little substantiation from precedent.*
[ * In 1945, with the appointment of Henry Welch to the Directorship of the FDA's Division of Antibiotics, a disgusting eighteen–year saga began, which ultimately reached a new low in ethical conduct. Senator Kefauver charged in 1962 that "Welch received $287,000 from the industry he was supposed to be regulating." Welch was rewarded by the then Secretary of the Department of HEW ( Arthur S. Fleming ) by being permitted to resign from his post. ]
We refer the reader to a book by Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., entitled History of a Crime Against the Food Law ( 1929 ). Dr. Wiley, a truly dedicated physician and highly competent food chemist, became head of the Division of Chemistry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture in 1883. It was largely due to his efforts that the first Pure Food Law was enacted in 1906. Thereafter, he became the Director of the Food and Drug Administration.
Protesting his inability to get Government support in enforcing this law, Wiley, in disgust, finally resigned as head of the FDA in 1912. In the closing chapter of his book ( pp. 400–402 ) he states:
From the earliest days of food regulation, the use of alum ( aluminum sulphate ) in foods has been condemned. It is universally acknowledged as a poison and deleterious substance in all countries. The United States is the only country which permits, of course, illegally, the addition of alum to our food supply . . . . If the Bureau of Chemistry had been permitted to enforce the law as it was written, and as it tried to do, what would have been the condition now?No food product in our country would have any trace of benzoic acid, sulphurous acid or sulphites, or any alum or saccharin, save for medicinal purposes.
No soft drink would contain any caffeine or theobromine. No bleached flour would enter interstate commerce. Our foods and drugs would be wholly without any form of adulteration or misbranding. The health of our people would be vastly improved and their life greatly extended . . . .
The resistance of our people to infectious diseases would be greatly increased by a vastly improved and more wholesome diet. Our example would be followed by the civilized world and thus bring to the whole universe the benefits which our own people had received.
Thus in 29 years of strenuous effort, even though Wiley headed the FDA he was unable to prohibit the use of certain food additives which, from the start, were judged by him to be highly obnoxious and/or dangerous. These additives are still permitted — 55 years after his resignation.
Today, Wiley would be the first to fully comprehend why 605,199 ( or 35% ) of 1,609,368 young men who took the pre–induction test for the armed services in 1966 were disqualified — more than half of them for medical reasons. This is a shocking commentary on the past 80–odd years of our national life, and a serious indictment of our times. Cardiovascular disease has now moved to the forefront as the nation's greatest killer — its death toll now exceeding that of all other diseases combined. One wonders if Dr. Wiley is not "turning in his grave" as these "chickens come home to roost."
4. It would seem that many types of natural organics contain reagents of a dispersing nature. For instance, tree life contains lignosulfonates which, from the standpoint of optimum concentration, possess a very broad spectrum. In the field of plant growth, lecithin for example ( from soybeans ) has similar characteristics.
5. In examining the shapes of the curves on Figs. 19 and 157 ( pp. 22 and 232 ), and considering the normal mineral content of blood ( p. 109 ), the writer cannot under any circumstance go along with the present practice of oral or intravenous administration of salts ( such as KCl ) in the high dosage range of 25, 20, 15, or even 10 grams. In Vol. II, we will describe in detail one instance where excessive and protracted intake of mineral salts almost proved fatal.
6. The writer believes in the value of proper nutrition, and feels that if vitamins of the needed type and concentration are not obtainable through fresh foodstuffs, one's diet should be supplemented with commercial vitamins as required. This is based on personal experience over many years. The present trend in some circles to disparage the use of vitamins is indeed regrettable. On the other hand, it is completely factual that many people take vitamins far in excess of the body's need for or ability to utilize them.
7. Specific Conductance is an excellent indication of one's daily input of overall "mineral salts." One simply accumulates and measures the total volume of urine for a 24–hour period, and determines its' SC. Approximate daily "mineral salts input" (in grams)
= ( liters {total} X SC {in micromhos} X 0.60 ) ÷ 1,000
The factor of 0.60 ( rather than 0.50 ) is employed to compensate for salts other than NaCl present. This procedure had wide application in evaluating cardiovascular conditions.
We noted that the SC of urine for the "average" person ( from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. ) ranged from about 25,000 to 35,000 micromhos. A two weeks' check of six males on our staff, 25 to 45 years of age ( and not on our Regimen ) showed an average of 28,000. The maximum was 37,000, and the minimum 22,000 micromhos.
Table No. 36 shows ten single–day records of the approximate input of mineral salts of nine members of our staff. Note that the first and second records were for the same individual, but on different days. The ratios ranged from 0.53 to 1.70. It is an interesting commentary that the intravascular coagulation of CG ( who had a mineral solids input of only 6.7 grams ) can be controlled more readily than those with higher input. Column 7 was based upon the factor of 0.6 multiplied by Cols. 5 and 6. It can be that this factor should actually be 0.7. Column 6 gives a 24–hour average composite sample. It is probable that maximum instantaneous SC throughout the day would perhaps be 25% higher than these values. Obviously, the real criterion of "salting out" encompasses Cols. 5, 6 and 7. Thus, in Table No. 36, NL had an extremely high average, SC ( 24,000 ) despite his low mineral salts input of only 10.9 grams per day. This high average was due to the very low urine output of 0.76 liters/day.
8. If time and place could permit, we are convinced that the two great anatomists, William Harvey ( 1578–1657 ), and J. N. Corvisart ( 1755–1821, Ref. 12–35 ), aided by a modernized oscilloscope and a working knowledge of Zeta Potential, could accurately determine the true cause bf the ECG in short order. Alas, today the situation is enormously complexed by:
b.) fanatical adherence to pointless protocol; and,
c.) by the impinging, irascible attitude of non–contributing onlookers whom Corvisart collectively considered: des bastards arrogants.
| TABLE No. 36 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initials | Age | Sex | Regimen | Total Urine - liters/day | SC of 24 hr. composite sample (micromhos) | Approx. daily input "Mineral Salts" (grams) | Ratio - to Average |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
| MR #1 | 36 | M | Yes | 1.580 | 13,000 | 12.3 | 0.97 |
| MR #2 | 36 | M | No | 1.200 | 22,000 | 15.8 | 1.24 |
| KA | 45 | F | No | 1.600 | 15,000 | 14.4 | 1.13 |
| MM | 45 | F | Yes | 1.660 | 10,000 | 10.0 | 0.79 |
| LR | 24 | M | No | 1.200 | 30,000 | 21.6 | 1.70 |
| NL | 41 | M | No | 0.760 | 24,000 | 10.9 | 0.86 |
| CG | 65 | F | Yes | 1.410 | 8,000 | 6.7 | 0.53 |
| CC | 44 | F | Yes | 1.660 | 9,000 | 9.0 | 0.71 |
| RM | 66 | F | Yes | 1.280 | 14,600 | 11.2 | 0.88 |
| RT | 60 | M | Yes | 1.480 | 17,500 | 15.5 | 1.22 |
| FD | 32 | F | Yes | 1.100 | 18,000 | 11.9 | 0.93 |
| Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 12.7 |
| |||||
9. In Chapter 16 on Particle–charge distribution curves, we noted that appropriate injections into a test animal of the end–products of vigorous and sustained microbial activity lead to a lowering of Zeta Potential; a lowering of ZP leads to agglomeration and thrombus formation; and thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation, in turn, results in death. We employed the term microbial activity rather than enumerate the types of organisms. In the August 1967 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine ( an AMA publication ), Donald McKay, M.D., and William Margaretten, M.D., present extensive evidence that one of the fundamental biological properties of many viruses is their ability to trigger the blood clotting mechanism in vivo. Their paper is titled Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Virus Diseases.
10. In the August 14, 1967, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, there appeared an article by Arthur W. Feinberg, M.D., and Henry Lax, M.D., entitled Vascular Abnormalities in Children with Diabetes Mellitus. They recorded the arterial pulse wave ( produced by a pressure cuff on the finger ) of 907 diabetic and 203 normal subjects between the ages of 10 and 19. Seventy–three percent of the diabetics produced pulse waves with abnormal dicrotic notches — despite the condition that none of these gave overt clinical evidence of vascular disease. Conversely, only seven percent of the nondiabetics produced abnormal dicrotic waves.
The authors state that the exact nature of the vascular abnormality which resulted in the abnormal pulse wave was unknown. However, they suggest that arterial pulse tracings should provide a convenient and accurate means of evaluating the early stages of cardiovascular disease before the onset of conventional clinical symptoms. We agree fully with this. They list five grades of abnormalities from Absence to Extreme ( Grade 0 through 4 ), based upon the slope and configuration of the curve in the vicinity of the dicrotic notch. Their traces, secured through digital plethysmographic techniques, are substantially identical to the traces produced by our contact microphone secured to a radial artery.
On p. 338, we show five drawings of typical traces taken from our oscilloscope photographs — made with the contact microphone strapped over the radial artery of the right wrist. We have shown these at our conventional scale of 200 ms/cm horizontal. As before noted, the vertical throw will depend- to a large extent on how precisely the microphone is positioned over the artery — and how tightly it is strapped to the wrist. With our contact microphone, amplification should be in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mv/cm — to produce a trace height of say 3 or 4 cm. Here, we employ the Dicrotic Notch Grading of 0 through 4 established by Drs. Feinberg and Lax. It agrees with our overall observations of cardiovascular irregularities. And too, the shape of their dicrotic notch correlates well with the pulse waves we generally find in persons having our Grade 0 to 4 Intravascular Coagulation, as shown in Table No. 37. Basically, their scale of five degrees sets the trace of the dicrotic notch as horizontal at Grade 2, with two grades of positive slope and two grades of negative slope. Or one may consider the grade to be set by the initial slopes of the dicrotic notch, as shown below.
| TABLE No. 37 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Grade" of Intravascular Coagulation | "Grade" of Dicrotic Notching | Slope of Dicrotic Notch | Approx. degrees of slope | Degree of IVC and rigidiflcation of the aorta and aortic valve |
| 0 | 0 | Upward | 45 - 75 | Absent |
| 1 | 1 | Upward | 30 - 45 | Slight |
| 2 | 2 | Horizontal | 0 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3 | Downward | 30 - 45 | Significant |
| 4 | 4 | No change | No change | Heavy |
| 5 | 4 | No change | No change | Very Heavy |
| 6 | 4 | No change | No change | Terminal |
FIGURE 224
From the point of view of physical chemistry and hydraulics, we are in complete accord with Drs. Feinberg and Lax — and other groups they cite. We believe that the shape of the dicrotic notch is a most important criterion for judging one's overall systemic condition; the elasticity and tonus of the aorta; and the proper closure of the aortic valve. We think that the dicrotic notch is also related to the shape of the T wave, which we believe is the inverse electro–endosmotic impulse arising from the contraction of the aorta, as the blood flows from it. Whereas ECG tracings and pulse waves are nicely delineated ( one above the other ) in Lead II at 200 ms/cm horizontal and 0.5 mv/cm vertical, they can also be highly informative when one employs a horizontal scale of either 100 or 500 ms/cm, and a vertical scale of 0.2 mv/cm.
From the physical chemist's view, we believe the degree of IVC; the slope of the dicrotic notch determined coincidentally with Lead II; the SC of the urine; and the time interval and shape of the isoelectric—V6—right arm leads are the most informative existing criteria as to the condition of one's heart. It is indeed regrettable that they are not more widely employed.
It should be noted that Drs. Feinberg and Lax worked with subjects between the ages of 10 and 19. As a generalization, the writer's experience is that the high value of "92% normal" is possible only in this age bracket. It seems probable that in an age group of 40 to 65, substantially all would be in Grades 2, 3 or 4, with practically none in Grades 0 and 1.
The suggested grading of Drs. Feinberg and Lax is shown on Fig. 224. On Figs. 225 through 235, we show a number of traces which illustrate that although the basic pattern of Grades 0 through 4 is sufficiently constant to be quite reproducible, there can be many variations of pattern — even from moment to moment. Most of these traces were made with the contact microphone positioned above the right radial artery: Fig. 225 — SM — Female — age 16. The inverted P wave, which we believe can be attributed to the position and location of her heart, is normal for her leads I and II. Trace 1: Note the difference between the dicrotic notches ( DN's ) of Beats #1 and 2. Trace 2: These are literally double–dicrotic notches, which we will discuss later herein. Trace 3: Here, the double–dicrotics are more pronounced. Trace 4: This was made at 500 ms/sec. to show seven traces. Trace 5: This is at l00 ms/cm to show a single notch–well extended. Trace 6 shows the more normal pattern, Grade 0 or 1 . . . .
After reviewing this Appendix, a professional friend urged me to add a few more traces, and comment further on the cause of the dicrotic notch. And he suggested that I expatiate on the two pulse–waves per heartbeat which appear to be associated with the death of William Maroney ( p. 316 ).
With regard to the dicrotic notch, classical medical theory refers to this as a reflected wave initiated by the recoil of the arterial blood column against the closed aortic valve. This rather loose–knit expression leaves much to be desired, but it must be conceded that presently there is no known answer to this problem. I cannot believe there is any "reflected wave" involved. Undoubtedly the dicrotic notch reflects the general elasticity and tonus of the aorta. This has been shown in a number of ways:
b.) It seems well established that norepinephrine can stiffen the walls of blood vessels, and Dr. Lysle Peterson*
[* See Ref. 11–53, p. 50. ]
states that it can "increase the wall stiffness by at least tenfold." Drs. Feinberg and Lax**
[ ** "The Normal Pulse Wave" — J. Chron. Dis., 3:618–631 ( June ) 1956; "Abnormalities of the Arterial Pulse Wave" Circulation, 20:1106-1110 ( Dec. ) 1959; "Studies of the Arterial Pulse Wave" Circulation, 18:1125–1130 ( Dec. ) 1958. ]
also found that an appropriate injection of epinephrine caused the dicrotic notch to progressively change shape ( Fig. 224, p. 338 ) and disappear.
c.) The writer's work has continuously emphasized the relationship of tonus to the shape of the dicrotic notch.
We now show some of the time sequences involved in ECG Lead II, and the pulse–waves obtained at both the right carotid and right radial artery. Fig. 229, Traces 1 and 2, show Lead II and the carotid and radial pulse waves for FR, a 63 year old male with a record of slight cardiovascular involvement. The horizontal time scales of l00 ms/cm, and vertical scales of 0.2 mv/cm shown, are optimum for this evaluation. Traces 3 and 4, made at the same scales, show similar data for FD, a female, age 32, with no history of cardiovascular disease.
We now ask the medical reader to momentarily set aside all his concepts of polarization and depolarization of the myocardium and, instead, consider this cycle solely upon the basis that the ECG represents inverse electroendosmosis caused only by blood ( LIQUID ) movement. Now, we believe that the QRS complex results from the rapid discharge of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, and from the left ventricle to the aorta, in accordance with the time sequence set forth on page 298. The aorta quickly expands to receive this "slug" of about 7.5 ml of blood. It begins to discharge this immediately to its major arteries, forming ( through inverse electroendosmosis ) the T wave. ( The P wave represents discharge from the atria to the ventricles. )
Again consider Trace 1. The QRS complex consumed a time interval of 80 ms, and the ST interval 280 — a total of 360 ms. The time for the overall beat cycle was 680 ms ( 88 beats/min. ). Therefore, the elapsed time for discharge from the ventricles, plus flow through the aorta, represented 360 ÷ 680 = 53% of the total time cycle. The remainder of the cycle represents the P wave ( which amounts to 100 ms or 100 ÷ 680 = 15% ); and the "rest period," which constitutes the balance of the time cycle ( 32% ).
Again, on Trace 1 note that the QT interval was 360 ms, and that it is also identical to the AC time duration. Note on Trace 2 that AC also approximated 360 ms.
We believe the following conditions obtain at point B of Trace 1 ( which in reality is the same absolute "time" as point S ): the aorta is well expanded; the flow rate in the carotid artery is maximum; the left ventricle begins to relax; and the aortic valve begins to close. The time interval from B to N is about 80 ms, and we believe that during this period the valve is in the process of closing. Thus, during the time interval from B to N, we have blood flowing in two directions: discharged upward through the aorta; and downward through the ( closing ) aortic valve into the left ventricle. This backflow closes the valve. At N, the aortic valve is fully closed, but the expanded aorta is still contracting. Therefore, the fraction of blood which was being diverted backward to close the valve, must now go forward and through the major arteries which lead from the aorta. This hydraulic action accounts for the dicrotic notch, the shape of which is due to this slight increase in rate of blood flow. If ischemia and/or other disorders result in loss of elasticity of the aorta, the dicrotic notch will gradually lessen — and finally disappear.*
[* Our simple and direct hypothesis will probably have little appeal to those who are now involving pulsatile blood flow and the dicrotic notch in profound mathematical abstractions. ]
. . .
In finalizing and summarizing our comments on the cardiovascular problem, we wish to again put into proper perspective its cause, prevention and control with respect to cations and anions. In Physical Chemistry, the importance of the cation in promoting coagulation has long been known. Unfortunately, the highly important role of the anion in preventing coagulation*
[ * The writer believes that intravascular coagulation is by far the basic cause of most cardiovascular disease. In Volume II, the role of mineral salts in hypertension ( which causes 8% of total yearly cardiovascular deaths in the U.S.A. ) will be discussed in the light of Zeta Potential. ]
remains - virtually unknown in both medicine and nutrition. It is difficult to understand why researchers in foodstuffs have placed such stress on cations, while almost completely neglecting the anion's important role.**
[ ** Such excellent references as the Heinz Handbook of Nutrition ( Ref. 12–40 ) and Composition of Foods ( Ref. 12–41 ) list no anions for foodstuffs except phosphorus ( phosphates ) and chlorides. Five cations are listed: calcium, sodium, potassium, iron and magnesium. As far as we are aware, no investigation has ever been made of the coagulating or dispersing action of typical foods — either raw or prepared. ]
Cations, of course, do play an essential role. For example: While it is true that the divalent cations tend to coagulate, the adult human system does require a certain intake of calcium. The writer firmly believes that this intake should be kept minimal. But it should be taken daily, and in a form that can be readily assimilated. Skim milk can supply calcium without undue lowering of Zeta Potential, and about 6 to 8 ounces ( which supplies about 250 mg of calcium ) should be taken daily by those on the Regimen.
But it is equally true that the anion is undoubtedly the controlling factor in preventing intravascular coagulation, and this has long been over–looked.
Today, we have documented at least 34 atoms as being necessary for optimal health. About half of them are cations. If these atoms are “free” in the blood, ( free radicals ) then undoubtedly they will have a adverse affect on the blood’s Zeta Potential.The issue then becomes, what mechanism has failed in transporting these critical essential elements to their proper sites.
— Tommy C —
* This Glossary has been prepared in simple terms for non–technical readers interested in cardiovascular disease. See, also, Appendix 11, p. 332.
Agglomerate ( also Coagulate or Flocculate ): To cause to join together a large number of minute discrete particles, thus forming a much larger single particle. Angstrom Unit: 1/10,000,000 of a millimeter; 1/250,000,000 of an inch.
Anion: The electronegative element or radical of a molecule; an ion having a negative charge.
BFI: Blood flow index.
Cation: The electropositive element of a dissociated molecule; an ion having a positive charge.
Coagulate: ( see Agglomerate ).
Colloid: Particulate matter in the size range of 10 Angstroms to 1 micron.
CVD: Cardiovascular disease.
Disperse: The antithesis of agglomerate. To cause colloidal particles to separate from one another and remain discrete.
ECC: Electrocardiogram. A graphic record of electrical impulses at selected body surfaces.
Electrolyte: A chemical, which dissociates into positive and negative ions when it dissolves in water — thus enabling the solution to conduct an electric current.
Fibrin: The insoluble protein, which is formed from thrombin and fibrinogen when blood is shed. It constitutes the matrix of clotted blood, which engulfs the water of the system and forms a rigid gel.
Fibrinogen: A plasma protein, which is one of the basic components responsible for the clotting of shed blood.
Flocculate: ( see Agglomerate ).
Gram: 1/453 of a pound.
Infarct: An area of tissue necrosis due to complete interference with blood flow; usually the result of occlusion. Ischemia: Localized tissue anemia due to obstruction of inflow of arterial blood.
IVC: Intravascular Coagulation. Agglomeration and clumping of blood cells to form large, individually distinct masses of about 10 to 100 ( or more ) cells. They may be readily viewed in the sclera and/or conjunctiva.
MFB: Malfunctional beats.
Micron: One–thousandth of a millimeter; 1/25,000 of an inch.
Milligram: One–thousandth of a gram.
Millimeter: A unit of length. 1,000 microns or 10,000,000 Angstroms = 1
millimeter; 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter; 2.5 centimeters = 1 inch.
Necrosis: The death of a cell or group of cells in contact with living tissue.
PMB: Percent malfunctional beats.
PNBF: Percent of normal blood flow.
ppm: Parts per million. ( milligrams per liter ) The concentration which results from the addition of one milligram of reagent to one liter ( 1,000 grams ) Of, say, water.
SC: Specific Conductance. A measure of the ionic concentration of a solution through its conduction of an electric current. For reference, 1,000 ppm of sodium chloride has a SC approximating 2,000 micromhos. Therefore, micromhos divided by 2 approximates the ppm of equivalent sodium chloride. Thrombin: A cationic polymer ( derived from sources presently unknown ) which combines with fibrinogen to form fibrin ( clotted blood ).
Van der Waals–London Forces: Natural short–range forces of attraction which become evident at Zeta Potential ( ZP ) values below 10 to 15 mv. At ZP values above 15 to 30 mv, the mutual repulsion ( of dilute suspensions ) generally keeps each particle sufficiently apart so that the Van der Waals forces cannot become effective.
Zeta Potential: A measure of the net electrical potential ( in millivolts ) carried by particles in the size range of about 10 Angstroms to 10 microns. If this charge is relatively high ( 30 to 85 millivolts ), colloids will remain separate and discrete. Agglomeration sets in at about 15 mv, and is maximum at zero mv.
Understanding Colloidal Suspensions
A summary of this book submitted by Frank Hartman.
Thomas M. Riddick's Chapter 14 — " Dynamic Systems "
Static images help us understand, but we live in a Dynamic World & need to view it that way.
Thomas M. Riddick's " Dynamic Systems "– Chapter 14 Part 2 — Asbestos – Blood
This is the part of Thomas Riddick's book that Dr. T.C. McDaniel quotes the most.
Chapter 19 — Dilatancy, Thixotropy, and the Double and Diffuse Layers
Riddick's Suggested Reference Mateial
" Control of Colloid Stability Stability Through Zeta Potential "
Dr. T.C. McDaniel — "Using Zeta Potential as a Healing Tool"
Using Hydroponics to Understand the Earth's Life Processes
Tommy's History Of Western Technology
The Tortoise Shell "Science of Health" Newsletter
By Thomas M. Riddick
On the Atomic Level
— Putting an End to Disease on Our Planet —